Are Bolt Action Rifles Still Relevant in Modern Warfare? Lessons from the Afghan War and WWII Rifles

The question of whether a World War II-era bolt-action rifle like the Karabiner 98K or the Lee Enfield can still be relevant in modern warfare is a complex one, involving multiple strategic and tactical considerations. While it is possible for these rifles to be effective in certain scenarios, several factors must be taken into account.

Limitations and Conditions for Effectiveness

Primary Role: Bolt-action rifles are primarily suited for infantry and primary roles, rather than specialized use as Designated Marksman Rifles (DMRs) or sniper systems. While specialized roles for these rifles exist, they are not optimal for general combat situations.

Necessity and Resource Limitations: In contexts where access to modern rifles like the M4 or AK-47 is limited or unavailable, bolt-action rifles can be employed out of necessity. This is particularly true in Third World nations where resources are scarce, or where an insurgency lacks the means to acquire modern weapons.

Hostilities Context: This usage would most likely be seen in asymmetric or insurgency warfare. Civilian populations lacking the means to acquire better weapons, or with no external support, may be forced to rely on lesser means for defense.

Strategic Considerations and Insurgency Tactics

Terrain and Homefield Advantage: Insurgent forces can leverage their knowledge of the terrain and homefield advantage to their advantage. By creating obstacles and defensive positions, they can force enemy forces to engage in unfavorable conditions, wearing down their morale and combat effectiveness over time.

Adaptability and Transition: In scenarios where bolt-action rifles are being used, it is crucial that insurgents transition to more modern weapons as soon as possible. Barring any modern rifles, they might need to upgrade to rifles like the AK, AR, or other combat rifles. The longer they use bolt-action rifles, the more they will be at a disadvantage.

Case Study: The Afghan War (1980s-1990s): A prime example of effective usage of bolt-action rifles in modern warfare can be found in the Afghan War of the 1980s. Insurgent fighters started with obsolete weapons like muzzleloaders, Remington Rolling Blocks, and Enfields and gradually transitioned to more advanced weapons. Their tactical adaptability and resilience were key factors in their ultimate victory.

Conclusion: Lessons Learned

The effectiveness of bolt-action rifles in modern warfare is highly contingent on specific conditions and strategies. While they can be powerful tools in the right hands, they require a deep understanding of the enemy and a great deal of tactical innovation. In the face of modern weaponry, the adaptability of the user and their strategic mindset can make the difference between victory and defeat.

Insurgent tactics such as those used in the Afghan War can serve as models for how to effectively use bolt-action rifles in asymmetric warfare. By focusing on terrain knowledge, homefield advantage, and transition to more advanced weapons, insurgent forces can create a tenacious and resilient fighting force, capable of withstanding even the most technologically advanced opponents.